Smoking

Smoking can:

• Narrow blood vessels and reduce blood flow
• Lead to plaque buildup in the arteries
• Raise your heart rate and blood pressure and put extra pressure on weakened blood vessel walls

People who smoke are two to four times as likely as nonsmokers to have a stroke.

Nonsmokers who are exposed to smoke are also at risk.

Food Choices

Eating foods that are high in fat, and low in fruits, veggies, whole grains, and fiber raises your risk. It can lead to high cholesterol, obesity, and problems like diabetes. These are all risks for stroke.

Inactivity

Not being active doubles your risk for a heart attack or stroke. Working out helps your heart work better and helps your arteries stay healthy. It also helps lower the chance of other stroke risks like hypertension, high cholesterol, and diabetes.

Talk to your doctor before you start a workout program. Don't do too much too quickly.

Too Much Alcohol

Drinking too much alcohol can raise blood pressure, blood triglycerides that lead to plaque build up, and raise the risk of heart rhythm problems. It can also lead to other heart problems.

Some studies say moderate drinking lowers your risk of heart disease. This means one drink per day for women or two drinks per day for men. Doing so can affect your health. You don't need to start drinking since it does not lower it by a lot.

Drug Use

Using illegal drugs, mainly cocaine, can cause blood vessel harm. This can lead to blood clots and spasms in your arteries. Drug users also have a higher risk of dying from a heart attack.

Heart Diseases

Many heart problems, such as coronary artery disease or atrial fibrillation, change how the heart works and make it hard to meet the body's demands. Long term problems cause harm to blood vessels, raising the risk of blockage (ischemic stroke) or bleeding (hemorrhagic stroke).

Some heart issues are:

• Transient ischemic attacks (TIA)—Sometimes called mini-strokes, TIAs are when blood flow is lowered by narrowing or blockage of blood vessels that lead to the brain. It often goes away on its own in 24 hours. TIAs are often a warning of a future stroke.
• Brain aneurysm —An outpouching of a blood vessel wall in the brain that form in places where the artery wall is weak or thin. It can put pressure on parts of the brain and burst in some people.
• Ateriovenous malformations (AVM)—A rare problem marked by unusual links between arteries and veins. Instead of an artery bringing blood to the brain, it is linked to a vein that takes it away, going past the parts of the brain that need it.
• Vasculitis —Swelling of the blood vessels. Over time it may harm blood vessels, which may bleed or burst.
• Silent stroke —Brain tissue damage found during imaging tests may be a sign of places where earlier strokes happened. They can be a warning for future stroke.
• Prior heart attack or stroke

Vascular Dementia

Vascular dementia is caused by problems with blood getting to the brain. It may be caused by more than one TIA. Both are signs of a higher risk of having a major stroke.

Mental Health Problems

Having certain mental health problems, such as depression and anxiety are linked to a higher risk of stroke. Some of these problems and treatments may lead to poor lifestyle choices, such as smoking, weight gain, or lack of activity.

Sleep Apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is marked by many episodes of full or partial airway blockage while you sleep. It causes problems sleeping and lowers the amount of oxygen in your blood. It has been linked to many health problems, such as heart disease. It is also an risk for hypertension, heart failure, diabetes, and heart attack.

Age

Brain function lowers as we age. This often isn't enough to cause problems. But it can raise the risk of getting heart disease, which can lead to a stroke. Some changes are stiffer blood vessels, small breaks in them, and thinking problems and memory loss.

Sex

The risk of stroke gets higher as you age. Men are more likely to have a stroke at a younger age. But women have more strokes and die from them. This may be due to the added risks that women have.

Genes

Having family members that have had a stroke or heart disease raises your risk, too. You are also at a higher risk if you have some genetic problems. For example, your blood may have a tendency to clot, which can raise the risk of narrowed or blocked arteries.

People who are Black have hypertension more often, so they are at higher risk of stroke. Stroke risk is also higher among American Indians and Native Alaskans.