Definition

Colon polyps are growths on the lining of the colon or rectum. The colon and the rectum are parts of the large intestine.

The 2 most common types are:

• Adenomatous—Precancerous and can become larger over time. They may or may not turn cancerous.
• Hyperplastic—Don't get bigger and rarely turn into cancer.

Colon Polyp

Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.

Causes

The cause of most colon polyps is unknown. It may be partly linked to your genes.

There are certain inherited conditions may cause polyps to form such as:

• Familial adenomatous polyposis
• Peutz–Jeghers syndrome

Risk Factors

Your chances of colon polyps are higher for:

• Being 50 years and older
• Having people in your family have colon polyps or colon cancer
• Prior colon or rectal cancer
• Obesity
• Smoking
• Alcohol use disorder

Symptoms

Polyps don't cause problems in most people. They're often found during testing.

In those that have them, polyps may cause:

• Rectal bleeding
• Diarrhea
• Constipation
• Bloating
• Belly pain or cramping—rare

Diagnosis

The doctor will ask about your symptoms and health history. A physical exam will be done. Tests may include:

• Stool test
• Digital rectal exam
• Flexible sigmoidoscopy
• Colonoscopy
• Barium enema
• Abdominal x-rays
• Biopsy —tissue samples are taken and looked at in a lab

Treatment

A polyp may be taken out if it's big enough. Large polyps have the highest chance for growing into cancer. Usually, they can be removed when you're getting a scope.

Very large polyps may need to be taken out with surgery.

Prevention

To help lower your chances of colon polyps:

• Eat a high fiber diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
• Lower your intake fats found in meats and dairy (full fat).
• Exercise regularly.
• Maintain a healthy weight.
• If you smoke, ask your doctor how to quit.
• See your doctor for regular screenings after the age of 50.