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Health Library Home>Disease, Condition, & Injury Fact Sheets>Article

Vulvodynia

by Cynthia M. Johnson, MA
Definition
Causes
Risk Factors
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention

Definition

Vulvodynia is pain in the outer part of the female genitals (vulva). The vulva is made up of the:

  • Labia majora and labia minora
  • Clitoris
  • Vaginal opening
Vulva

Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.

Causes

The exact cause is not known. It may be due to:

  • Injury from things like an infection or an allergy
  • A problem with how the body responds to pain
  • Emotional or mental stress

Risk Factors

This problem is more common in women who are 20 to 40 years of age.

Other things that may raise the risk are:

  • Mood or anxiety disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder
  • Sleep problems

Symptoms

The main symptom is vulvar pain that lasts more than three months.

A woman may have:

  • Burning
  • Stinging
  • Soreness
  • Aching
  • Pain after pressure is applied to the vaginal opening
  • Pain with sex or inserting tampons

Diagnosis

The doctor will ask about your symptoms and health history. A physical exam will be done. You may also have a pelvic exam. This is often enough to make the diagnosis.

Tests may be done to rule out other causes for the pain.

Treatment

The goal of treatment is to ease pain. Options are:

  • Supportive care, such as mild soaps, cold packs, and using lubrication during sex
  • Medicines to ease pain, such as:
    • Topical medicines that are put on the skin, such as corticosteroids, estrogen, or anesthetics
    • Antidepressants
    • Antiseizure medicine
  • Physical therapy to strengthen and relax the pelvic muscles to ease pain
  • Counseling to learn how to cope with the pain
  • Procedures, such as:
    • Botulinum toxin injections
    • Nerve stimulation
    • Surgery to remove painful tissue

Prevention

There are no known guidelines to prevent this problem. The cause is not known.

RESOURCES:

The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
http://www.acog.org

National Vulvodynia Association
http://www.nva.org

CANADIAN RESOURCES:

Canadian Women's Health Network
http://www.cwhn.ca

Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
http://www.sogc.org

REFERENCES:

ACOG Practice Bulletin Summary, No. 224: Diagnosis and management of vulvar skin disorders. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Jul;136(1):222-225.

Tam T, Levine EM: Female sexual dysfunction in women with pelvic pain. Semin Reprod Med 2018;36(5):1-7.

Vulvodynia. American Academy of Family Physicians Family Doctor website. Available at: http://familydoctor.org/familydoctor/en/diseases-conditions/vulvodynia.html. Accessed October 15, 2020.

Vulvodynia. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: https://www.dynamed.com/condition/vulvodynia. Accessed October 15, 2020.

Vulvodynia. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development website. Available at: http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/vulvodynia/Pages/default.aspx. Accessed October 15, 2020.

What is vulvodynia? National Vulvodynia Association website. Available at: http://www.nva.org/what-is-vulvodynia. Accessed October 15, 2020.

Last reviewed September 2020 by EBSCO Medical Review Board Elliot M. Levine, MD, FACOG  Last Updated: 4/28/2021

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