Definition

Croup is swelling in the voice box and wind pipe. The swelling can make it hard to breathe. It can also cause a barking cough.

Upper Respiratory System in a Child

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Causes

Croup is caused by viral infections such as:

• Parainfluenza
• Influenza virus type A and B
• Adenovirus
• Respiratory syncytial virus
• Enterovirus
• Rhinovirus
• Coronavirus
• Echovirus
• Human bocavirus

Risk Factors

Croup is most common in children between 6 months and 3 years of age. This is because young children have a smaller airway. Croup is also more common in the fall and early winter months.

Other things that may raise the risk are:

• Having an upper respiratory infection
• Poor immunization, especially against diphtheria

Symptoms

The first symptoms may be like a common cold. They often happen at night. Croup symptoms may be:

• Cough spasms
• A cough that sounds like a barking seal
• Hoarseness
• Fever
• Problems breathing
• A harsh, high-pitched sound when your child breathes in, especially when crying or upset
• Drooling and problems swallowing
• Decreased alertness
• Bluish color of nails, lips, or around the mouth

Diagnosis

You will be asked about your child's symptoms and health history. A physical exam will be done. This is often enough to make the diagnosis.

Treatment

The infection often goes away in a week. The goal of treatment is supportive care while the child heals. This may include things like fluids and warm, moist air to help with breathing.

Children with severe symptoms may need a breathing tube placed in the throat to help open the airway. This is not common.

Prevention

The risk of croup can be lowered by washing hands often and making sure a child's vaccines are up to date.