Definition

Meckel diverticulum is a pouch of extra tissue in the wall of the small intestine. It's the most common birth defect of the gastrointestinal tract.

In most people, Meckel diverticulum does not cause problems or require treatment. One serious complication, called Meckel diverticulitis, is an infection and inflammation of the pouch. Meckel diverticulitis requires prompt medical attention.

Meckel Diverticulum

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Causes

Meckel diverticulum develops before birth. It is created by a section of tissue that acts as a link to the umbilical cord in early development. Normally, this tissue shrinks and is reabsorbed by the seventh week of pregnancy. In Meckel diverticulum the tissue remains, creating a pouch or bulge in the lower part of the small intestine.

It is not clear why this tissue is not reabsorbed, but it may be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Risk Factors

Meckel diverticulum occurs more often in males than females.

Complications are also more likely to develop in male children under 2 years old.

Symptoms

Most people with Meckel diverticulum do not have symptoms.

Meckel diverticulum that is infected or inflamed can cause:

• Blood in the stool
• Cramping abdominal pain
• Vomiting
• Fever
• Constipation

Meckel diverticulitis can cause sudden and severe symptoms that mimic appendicitis such as:

• Pain in lower abdomen that worsens with sneezing, coughing, and deep breathing
• Loss of appetite
• Slight fever

Diagnosis

If you have symptoms, the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. Your doctor may suspect Meckel diverticulum based on your symptoms, but it can be difficult to diagnose, especially in adults.

Meckel diverticulum without symptoms is usually found incidentally during another procedure.

It may be found with imaging tests, such as:

• Meckel scan (technetium-99m pertechnetate scan)
• Abdominal CT scan
• Abdominal x-ray
• Abdominal ultrasound

Laparoscopy may be used in some cases when diagnosis is more difficult. If Meckel diverticulum is found during this test, it may be removed.

Treatment

If you are experiencing complications, such as bleeding, your doctor will likely recommend surgical removal of your Meckel diverticulum. In many cases, the surgery can be minimally invasive. This method uses small incisions and specialized tools instead of a larger incision and open surgery.

If the Meckel diverticulum is not causing problems but has been discovered, it may be removed to prevent potential complications. Surgery will depend on your overall health and risk factors. In some, removal may not be necessary.

Prevention

There are no current guidelines to prevent Meckel diverticulum since the cause is unknown.