External Beam Radiation

Radiation is produced by a machine outside the body. Short bursts of x-rays are aimed at the cancer. In general, radiation therapy is given 5 days per week for 5 to 6 weeks.

Brachytherapy

Brachytherapy delivers high-dose radiation right to the cancer site. A capsule with radioactive materials is placed in the cervix. Another one may be placed in the vagina.

This capsule is usually left in place for 1 to 3 days. This treatment may be given for a few days over 1 to 2 weeks. The patient may need to be in the hospital while the implants are in place. Another option may be taking high-dose radiation implants. This happens for a few minutes instead of days. A hospital stay may not be needed.

Side Effects and Management

Radiation therapy to the pelvic area may cause:

• Bladder irritation, which may cause frequent, urgent, or painful urination
• Bowel irritation, which may cause diarrhea, blood in the stool, and pain in the anal area
• Vaginal itching, burning, and dryness
• Menstrual changes
• Early menopause, which can be short term or lasting
• Problems getting pregnant

A variety of treatments can help manage side effects of radiation therapy. Sometimes treatment doses may be changed. It is best to address side effects early.