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Sodium

PD_Food Essentials_FD001751 Sodium, one of the components of salt, is a mineral that is found in every cell of the body, with greatest concentrations in the fluid outside and in between cells. Sodium regulates the water content inside and outside our cells.

Functions

Sodium helps with the performance of many functions in the body. Some of them include:

Regulation of fluid balance and blood pressure
Helps transport glucose into the cell
Carbon dioxide transport
Muscle contraction
Nerve impulse transmission

Recommended Intake

It is recommended that people get no more than 2,300 mg of sodium per day.

Certain adults should reduce intake to 1,500 mg of sodium per day. This includes:

Adults aged 51 years and older
African Americans
People with high blood pressure, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease

The Institute of Medicine has set Adequate Intake (AI) levels for sodium. This AI is the recommended daily average intake for healthy and moderately active people.

Age group	Adequate Intake (AI) (mg/day)
Children: 1-3 years	1,000 mg
Children: 4-8 years	1,200 mg
Children: 9-18 years	1,500 mg
Adults: 19-50 years	1,500 mg
Adults 51-70 years	1,300 mg
Adults 71 years and older	1,200 mg

Too Little Sodium

Since the typical American diet is rich in sodium, deficiencies are uncommon in healthy people.

A sodium deficiency may accompany extreme body fluid loss, such as in the case of starvation, profuse sweating, or excess vomiting or diarrhea. It may also accompany kidney failure, heart failure, chronic liver disease, or use of some diuretics.

Too Much Sodium

High sodium intakes have been correlated with elevated blood pressure and edema. Increasing dietary salt intake might also raise the risk of developing kidney stones.

Major Food Sources

Table salt is the major source of dietary sodium—about 1/3 to 1/2 of the sodium we consume is added during cooking or at the table. Fast foods and commercially processed foods, which are canned, frozen, bagged, boxed, or instant, also add a significant amount of sodium to the typical American diet. These include:

Beef broth
Ketchup
Commercial soups
French fries
Gravies
Olives
Pickles
Potato chips
Salted snack foods
Sandwich meats
Sauces
Sauerkraut
Tomato-based products

Sodium occurs naturally in:

Eggs
Fish
Meats
Milk products
Poultry
Shellfish
Softened water

Reading Food Labels

All food products contain a Nutrition Facts label, which states a food's sodium content. The following terms are also used on food packaging:

Food Label Term	Meaning
Sodium free	Less than 5 mg/serving
Very low sodium	35 mg or less/serving
Low sodium	140 mg or less/serving
Reduced sodium	25% reduction per serving in sodium content from original product
Light in sodium or lightly salted	At least 50% less sodium than the original product
Unsalted, no salt added, without added salt	Processed without salt when salt normally would be used in processing

Tips for Lowering Your Sodium Intake

Read the nutrition label to find out how much sodium is in the foods you are buying.
Gradually cut down on the amount of salt you use. Your taste buds will adjust to less salt.
Taste your food before you salt it.
Substitute flavorful ingredients for salt in cooking, such as garlic, oregano, lemon or lime juice, and other herbs, spices, and seasonings.
Opt for fresh foods instead of processed ones. For example, select fresh or plain frozen vegetables and meats instead of those canned with salt.
Look for low sodium or reduced sodium, or no salt added versions of such foods as: canned vegetables; vegetable juices; dried soup mixes; bouillon; condiments; snack foods; crackers and bakery products; canned soups; butter, margarine; cheeses; canned tuna; and processed meats.
Cook and eat at home. Adjust your recipes to gradually cut down on the amount of salt you use. If some of the ingredients already contain salt, such as canned soup, canned vegetables, or cheese, you do not need to add more salt.
Cook rice, pasta, and hot cereals without salt or with less salt than the package calls for. Flavored rice, pasta, and cereal mixes generally already contain added salt.
Limit your use of condiments such as soy sauce, dill pickles, salad dressings, and packaged sauces.
When dining out, order a low-salt meal or ask the chef not to add salt to your meal.
Also when dining out, ask for sauces and dressings to be served on the side, so that you can control the amount that you add.

RESOURCES:

Choose My Plate—US Department of Agriculture
https://www.choosemyplate.gov

Eat Right—Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
http://www.eatright.org

CANADIAN RESOURCES:

Dietitians of Canada
http://www.dietitians.ca

Health Canada
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca

REFERENCES:

Dietary guidelines for Americans 2015-2020. Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion website. Available at: https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines. Updated December 2015. Accessed February 24, 2017.

Nephrolithiasis. EBSCO DynaMed Plus website. Available at:http://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T114904/Nephrolithiasis. Updated January 15, 2017. Accessed February 24, 2017.

Other dietary components. Choose My Plate—US Department of Agriculture website. Available at: https://www.choosemyplate.gov/preschoolers-other-dietary-components. Accessed February 24, 2017.

Salt. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/salt/index.htm. Updated December 28, 2016. Accessed February 24, 2017.

Sodium and salt. American Heart Association website. Available at: http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/HealthyLiving/HealthyEating/HealthyDietGoals/Sodium-Salt-or-Sodium-Chloride_UCM_303290_Article.jsp#.WLCBCk2QzIU. Updated October 3, 2016. Accessed February 24, 2017.

Sodium (chloride). Oregon State University Linus Pauling Institute website. Available at: http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium. Accessed December 2016. Accessed February 24, 2017.

Sodium chloride. EBSCO DynaMed Plus website. Available at:http://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T356397/Sodium-Chloride. Updated February 6, 2017 Accessed February 24, 2017.

Sodium in your diet: using the nutrition facts label to reduce your intake. US Food & Drug Administration website. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/Food/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/ucm315393.htm. Updated June 2, 2016. Accessed February 24, 2017.

Tips to eat less salt and sodium. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute website. Available at: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/educational/healthdisp/pdf/tipsheets/Tips-to-Eat-Less-Salt-and-Sodium.pdf. Accessed February 24, 2017.

Last reviewed February 2017 by Michael Woods, MD, FAAP Last Updated: 2/24/2017

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