Referencias►
1.
Hug C, McGraw CA, Bates SR, et al. Reduction of serum carnitine concentrations during anticonvulsant therapy with phenobarbital, valproic acid, phenytoin, and carbamazepine in children.
J Pediatr.
1991;119:799 - 802.
2.
Chung S, Choi J, Hyun T, et al. Alterations in the carnitine metabolism in epileptic children treated with valproic acid.
J Korean Med Sci. 1997;12:553 - 558.
3.
Melegh B, Trombitas K. Valproate treatment induces lipid globule accumulation with ultrastructual abnormalities of mitochondria in skeletal muscle.
Neuropediatrics. 1997;28:257 - 261.
4.
Zelnik N, Fridkis I, Gruener N. Reduced carnitine and antiepileptic drugs: cause relationship or co-existence?
Acta Paediatr.
1995;84:93 - 95.
5.
Coulter DL. Carnitine deficiency in epilepsy: risk factors and treatment.
J Child Neurol.
1995;10(suppl 2):S32 - S39.
6.
Melegh B, Pap M, Morava E, et al. Carnitine-dependent changes of metabolic fuel consumption during long-term treatment with valproic acid.
J Pediatr.
1994;125:317 - 321.
7.
De Vivo DC, Bohan TP, Coulter DL, et al. L-carnitine supplementation in childhood epilepsy: current perspectives.
Epilepsia.
1998;13:1216 - 1225.
8.
Matsuda I, Ohtani Y. Carnitine status in Reye and Reye-like syndromes.
Pediatr Neurol.
1986;2:90 - 94.
9.
Camina MF, Rozas I, Gomez M, et al. Short-term effects of administration of anticonvulsant drugs on free carnitine and acylcarnitine in mouse serum and tissues.
Br J Pharmacol.
1991;103:1179 - 1183.
10.
Rodriguez-Segade S, de la Pena CA, Tutor JC, et al. Carnitine deficiency associated with anticonvulsant therapy.
Clin Chim Acta.
1989;181:175 - 181.
11. Ater SB. A developmental center population treated with VPA and L-carnitine. In: Update 1993: inborn errors of metabolism in the patient with epilepsy. Sigma-Tau Pharmaceuticals; 1993.
12.
Cacciatore L, Cerio R, Ciarimboli M, et al. The therapeutic effect of L-carnitine in patients with exercise-induced stable angina: a controlled study.
Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1991;17:225 - 235.
13.
Bartels GL, Remme WJ, Pillay M, et al. Effects of L-propionylcarnitine on ischemia-induced myocardial dysfunction in men with angina pectoris.
Am J Cardiol. 1994;74:125 - 130.
14.
Bartels GL, Remme WJ, den Hartog FR, et al. Additional anti-ischemic effects of long-term L-propionylcarnitine in anginal patients treated with conventional antianginal therapy.
Cardiovasc Drugs Ther.
1995;9:749 - 753.
15.
Bartels GL, Remme WJ, Holwerda KJ, et al. Anti-ischaemic efficacy of L-propionyl-carnitine - a promising novel metabolic approach to ischaemia?
Eur Heart J.
1996;17:414 - 420.
16.
Cherchi A, Lai C, Angelino F, et al. Effects of L-carnitine on exercise tolerance in chronic stable angina: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled crossover study.
Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1985;23:569 - 572.
17.
Lagioia R, Scrutinio D, Mangini SG, et al. Propionyl-L-carnitine: a new compound in the metabolic approach to the treatment of effort angina.
Int J Cardiol. 1992;34:167 - 172.
18.
Davini P, Bigalli A, Lamanna F, et al. Controlled study on L-carnitine therapeutic efficacy in post-infarction.
Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1992;18:355 - 365.
19.
Iliceto S, Scrutinio D, Bruzzi P, et al. Effect of L-carnitine administration on left ventricular remodeling after acute anterior myocardial infarction: the L-Carnitine Ecocardiografia Digitalizzata Infarto Miocardico (CEDIM) Trial.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;26:380 - 387.
20.
Brevetti G, Perna S, Sabba C, et al. Propionyl-L-carnitine in intermittent claudication: Double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose titration, multicenter study.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;26:1411 - 1416.
21.
Bolognesi M, Amodio P, Merkel C, et al. Effect of 8-day therapy with propionyl-L-carnitine on muscular and subcutaneous blood flow of the lower limbs in patients with peripheral arterial disease.
Clin Physiol. 1995;15:417 - 423.
22.
Brevetti G, Perna S, Sabba C, et al. Superiority of L-propionylcarnitine vs L-carnitine in improving walking capacity in patients with peripheral vascular disease: an acute, intravenous, double-blind, cross-over study.
Eur Heart J. 1992;13:251 - 255.
23.
Greco AV, Mingrone G, Bianchi M, et al. Effect of propionyl-L-carnitine in the treatment of diabetic angiopathy: Controlled double blind trial versus placebo.
Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1992;18:69 - 80.
24.
Brevetti G, Chiariello M, Ferulano G, et al. Increases in walking distance in patients with peripheral vascular disease treated with L-carnitine: a double-blind, cross-over study.
Circulation. 1988;77:767 - 773.
25.
Deckert J. Propionyl-L-carnitine for intermittent claudication.
J Fam Pract. 1997;44:533 - 534.
26.
Sabba C, Berardi E, Antonica G, et al. Comparison between the effect of L-propionylcarnitine, L-acetylcarnitine and nitroglycerin in chronic peripheral arterial disease: a haemodynamic double blind echo-Doppler study.
Eur Heart J. 1994;15:1348 - 1352.
27.
Pepine CJ. The therapeutic potential of carnitine in cardiovascular disorders.
Clin Ther. 1991;13:2 - 21.
28.
Brevetti G, Attisano T, Perna S, et al. Effect of L-carnitine on the reactive hyperemia in patients affected by peripheral vascular disease: a double-blind, crossover study.
Angiology. 1989;40:857 - 862.
29.
Brevetti G, Diehm C, Lambert D. European multicenter study on propionyl-L-carnitine in intermittent claudication.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;34:1618 - 1624.
30.
Hiatt WR, Regensteiner JG, Creager MA, et al. Propionyl-L-carnitine improves exercise performance and functional status in patients with claudication.
Am J Med.
2001;110:616 - 622.
31.
Caponnetto S, Canale C, Masperone MA, et al. Efficacy of L-propionylcarnitine treatment in patients with left ventricular dysfunction.
Eur Heart J. 1994;15:1267 - 1273.
32.
Mancini M, Rengo F, Lingetti M, et al. Controlled study on the therapeutic efficacy of propionyl-L-carnitine in patients with congestive heart failure.
Arzneimittelforschung. 1992;42:1101 - 1104.
33.
Pucciarelli G, Mastursi M, Latte S, et al. The clinical and hemodynamic effects of propionyl-L-carnitine in the treatment of congestive heart failure [in Italian; English abstract].
Clin Ter. 1992;141:379 - 384.
34.
Singh RB, Niaz MA, Agarwal P, et al. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of L-carnitine in suspected acute myocardial infarction.
Postgrad Med J. 1996;72:45-50.
35.
Winter S, Jue K, Prochazka J, et al. The role of L-carnitine in pediatric cardiomyopathy.
J Child Neurol. 1995;10(suppl 2):S45 - S51.
36.
Iyer R, Gupta A, Khan A, et al. Does left ventricular function improve with L-carnitine after acute myocardial infarction?
J Postgrad Med.
1999;45:38-41.
37.
Dal Negro R, Pomari G, Zoccatelli O, et al. L-carnitine and rehabilitative respiratory physiokinesitherapy: metabolic and ventilatory response in chronic respiratory insufficiency.
Int J Clin Pharmacol. 1986;24:453 - 456.
38.
Dal Negro R, Turco P, Pomari C, et al. Effects of L-carnitine on physical performance in chronic respiratory insufficiency.
Int J Clin Pharmacol. 1988;26:269 - 272.
39.
Dal Negro R, Zoccatelli D, Pomari C, et al. L-carnitine and physiokinesiotherapy in chronic respiratory insufficiency. Preliminary results.
Clin Trials J.
1985;22:353 - 360.
40.
Passeri M, Cucinotta D, Bonati PA, et al. Acetyl-L-carnitine in the treatment of mildly demented elderly patients.
Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1990;10:75 - 79.
41.
Calvani M, Carta A, Caruso G, et al. Action of acetyl-L-carnitine in neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease.
Ann N Y Acad Sci.
1992;663:483 - 486.
42.
Sano M, Bell K, Cote L, et al. Double-blind parallel design pilot study of acetyl levocarnitine in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
Arch Neurol. 1992;49:1137 - 1141.
43.
Spagnoli A, Lucca U, Menasce G, et al. Long-term acetyl-L-carnitine treatment in Alzheimer's disease.
Neurology. 1991;41:1726 - 1732.
44.
Campi N, Todeschini GP, Scarzella L. Selegiline versus L-acetylcarnitine in the treatment of Alzheimer-type dementia.
Clin Ther. 1990;12:306 - 314.
45.
Vecchi GP, Chiari G, Cipolli C, et al. Acetyl-l-carnitine treatment of mental impairment in the elderly: evidence from a multicenter study.
Arch Gerontol Geriatr.
1991;(suppl 2):159 - 168.
46.
Bonavita E. Study of the efficacy and tolerability of L-acetylcarnitine therapy in the senile brain.
Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1986;24:511 - 516.
47.
Thal LJ, Carta A, Clarke WR, et al. A 1-year multicenter placebo-controlled study of acetyl-L-carnitine in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
Neurology. 1996;47:705 - 711.
48.
Thal LJ, Calvani M, Amato A, et al. A 1-year controlled trial of acetyl-l-carnitine in early-onset AD.
Neurology. 2000;55:805 - 810.
49.
Bella R, Biondi R, Raffaele R, et al. Effect of acetyl-L-carnitine on geriatric patients suffering from dysthymic disorders.
Int J Clin Pharmacol Res.
1990;10:355 - 360.
50.
Garzya G, Corallo D, Fiore A, et al. Evaluation of the effects of L-acetylcarnitine on senile patients suffering from depression.
Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1990;16:101 - 106.
51.
Torrioli MG, Vernacotola S, Mariotti P, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of L-acetylcarnitine for the treatment of hyperactive behavior in fragile X syndrome.
Am J Med Genet.
1999;87:366 - 368.
52.
Mingrone G, Greco AV, Capristo E, et al. L-carnitine improves glucose disposal in type 2 diabetic patients.
J Am Coll Nutr.
1999;18:77 - 82.
53.
Turpeinen AK, Kuikka JT, Vanninen E, et al. Long-term effect of acetyl-L-carnitine on myocardial 123I-MIBG uptake in patients with diabetes.
Clin Auton Res.
2000;10:13 - 16.
54.
Cavallini G, Biagiotti G, Koverech A, et al. Oral propionyl-l-carnitine and intraplaque verapamil in the therapy of advanced and resistant Peyronie's disease.
BJU Int.
2002;89:895-900.
55.
Sorbi S, Forleo P, Fani C, et al. Double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled clinical trial with L-acetylcarnitine in patients with degenerative cerebellar ataxia.
Clin Neuropharmacol.
2000;23:114 - 118.
56.
Plioplys AV, Plioplys S. Amantadine and L-carnitine treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome.
Neuropsychobiology. 1997;35:16 - 23.
57.
Benvenga S, Ruggeri RM, Russo A, et al. Usefulness of l-carnitine, a naturally occurring peripheral antagonist of thyroid hormone action, in iatrogenic hyperthyroidism: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
2001;86:3579 - 3594.
58.
Loumbakis P, Anezinis P, Evangeliou A, et al. Effect of L-carnitine in patients with asthenospermia [abstract].
Eur Urol.
1996;30(suppl 2):255.
59.
Muller-Tyl E, Lohninger A, Fischl F, et al. The effect of carnitine on sperm count and sperm motility [translated from German].
Fertilitat.
1988;4:1 - 4.
60.
Micic S, Lalic N, Nale DJ, et al. Effects of L-carnitine on sperm motility and number in infertile men [abstract].
Fértil Steril.
1998;70(3 suppl 1):S12.
61. Vicari E. Effectiveness of a short-term anti-oxidative high-dose therapy on IVF program outcome in infertile male patients with previous excessive sperm Radical Oxygen Species production persistent even following antimicrobials administered for epididymitis: preliminary results. In: International Meeting on Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Porto Cervo, Italy, June 11 - 14, 1997. Bologna, Italy: Monduzzi Editore SpA; 1997.
62. Vicari E, Cerri L, Cataldo T, et al. Effectiveness of single and combined antioxidant therapy in patients with astheno-necrozoospermia from non-bacterial epididymitis: effects after acetyl-carnitine or carnitine-acetyl-carnitine. Presented at: 12th National Conference, Italian Andrology Association; June 9 - 12, 1999; Copanello (CZ), Italy.
63. Campaniello E, Petrarolo N, Meriggiola MC, et al. Carnitine administration in asthenospermia. Presented at: 4th International Congress of Andrology; May 14 - 18, 1989; Florence, Italy.
64.
Costa M, Canale D, Filicori M, et al. L-carnitine in idiopathic asthenozoospermia: a multicenter study.
Andrologia.
1994;26:155 - 159.
65.
Vitali G, Parente R, Melotti C. Carnitine supplementation in human idiopathic asthenospermia: clinical results.
Drugs Exp Clin Res.
1995;21:157 - 159.
66.
Moncada ML, Vicari E, Cimino C, et al. Effect of acetylcarnitine treatment in oligoasthenospermic patients.
Acta Eur Fertil.
1992;23:221 - 224.
67.
Semino-Mora MC, Leon-Monzon ME, Dalakas MC. Effect of L-carnitine on the zidovudine-induced destruction of human myotubes. Part I: L-carnitine prevents the myotoxicity of AZT in vitro.
Lab Invest. 1994;71:102 - 112.
68.
Dalakas MC, Leon-Monzon ME, Bernardini I, et al. Zidovudine-induced mitochondrial myopathy is associated with muscle carnitine deficiency and lipid storage.
Ann Neurol. 1994;35:482 - 487.
69.
Heinonen OJ. Carnitine and physical exercise.
Sports Med. 1996;22:109 - 132.
70.
Montgomery SA, Thal LJ, Amrein R. Meta-analysis of double blind randomized controlled clinical trials of acetyl-L-carnitine versus placebo in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease.
Int Clin Psychopharmacol.
2003;18:61-71
71.
Lenzi A, Lombardo F, Sgro P, et al. Use of carnitine therapy in selected cases of male factor infertility: a double-blind crossover trial.
Fértil Steril.
2003;79:292-300.
72.
Montgomery SA, Thal LJ, Amrein R. Meta-analysis of double blind randomized controlled clinical trials of acetyl-L-carnitine versus placebo in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease.
Int Clin Psychopharmacol.
2003;18:61-71.
73.
Van Oudheusden L, Scholte H. Efficacy of carnitine in the treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids.
2002;67:33.
74.
Biagiotti G, Cavallini G. Acetyl-L-carnitine vs tamoxifen in the oral therapy of Peyronie's disease: a preliminary report.
BJU Int. 2001;88:63-67.
75.
Benvenga S, Lakshmanan M, Trimarchi F. Carnitine is a naturally occurring inhibitor of thyroid hormone nuclear uptake.
Thyroid.
2000;10:1043 - 1050.
76.
Rai G, Wright G, Scott L, et al. Double-blind, placebo controlled study of acetyl-l-carnitine in patients with Alzheimer's dementia.
Curr Med Res Opin.
1990;11:638 - 647.
77.
Salvioli G, Neri M. L-acetylcarnitine treatment of mental decline in the elderly.
Drugs Exp Clin Res.
1994;20:169 - 176.
78.
Cipolli C, Chiari G. Effects of L-acetylcarnitine on mental deterioration in the aged: initial results [in Italian; English abstract].
Clin Ter.
1990;132:479 - 510.
79. Loster H, Miehe K, Punzel M, et al. Prolonged oral L-carnitine substitution increases bicycle ergometer performance in patients with severe, ischemically induced cardiac insufficiency. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1999;13:537 - 546.