Definition

Adult macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye disease that results in a loss in central vision that gets worse over time. The macula is the part of the retina that controls central vision. The retina is the tissue that lines the back of the eye. AMD happens when the macula wears down.

There are 2 types:

• Dry form—parts of the macula get thinner and protein deposits called drusen affect vision
• Wet form—new blood vessels grow under the macula and begin to leak blood and other fluids into the retina

Causes

The cause is not known. It may be due to a combination of genetics and the environment.

Risk Factors

This problem is more common in adults 50 years of age and older. It is also more common in people with dark-colored eyes.

Other things that may raise the risk are:

• Prior cataract surgery
• Farsightedness
• Smoking
• Excessive exposure to sunlight
• A diet that is low in certain vitamins and minerals
• Alcohol use disorder
• Heart disease
• Obesity
• Having other family members with AMD

Symptoms

In some people, AMD slowly gets worse and has little effect on vision. In others, it moves quickly and may lead to significant vision loss. It does not cause pain.

Problems may be:

• Blurred eyesight that may go away in brighter light
• Problems seeing details in front of the eyes, such as faces or words in a book
• A small but growing blind spot in the middle of a person's field of vision
• Straight lines (such as door frames) appear crooked or distorted

Diagnosis

The doctor will ask about your symptoms and health history. A physical exam will be done. This may be enough to suspect AMD.

A doctor who treats eyes will do an eye exam and view the retina. This can confirm the diagnosis.

Some people may need images taken of the eyes. This can be done with:

• Angiography—a dye is used to make blood vessels easier to see
• Optical coherence tomography (OCT)—uses a dim red light to take a picture of the retina

Treatment

Treatment depends on the type and severity of AMD.

Prevention

To lower the risk of this problem:

• Eat a healthy diet that is rich in fruits, vegetables, fish, and nuts.
• Make sure to get enough vitamins and minerals.
• Use a hat and sunglasses when outside.
• Do not smoke.