Definition

Sjogren syndrome is a disorder that causes the immune system to destroy the glands that make tears and saliva. There are two types:

• Primary—occurs alone
• Secondary—occurs with other rheumatic conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, or lupus

Causes

The cause is not known. Genetics, the environment, and hormones may play a role.

Risk Factors

This problem is more common in women. It usually starts in those who are 40 to 55 years of age.

Other things that may raise the risk are:

• Certain genetic markers
• Having other family members who have autoimmune diseases
• Viruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus

Symptoms

Problems may be:

• Eyes that are red, burning, itching, and dry
• Dry mouth
• Problems swallowing
• Loss of taste and smell
• Dry skin, nose, and throat
• Swollen glands in the head
• Vaginal dryness in women
• Skin rashes
• Joint pain, swelling, and stiffness
• Muscle pain
• Lack of energy

Diagnosis

The doctor will ask about your symptoms and health history. A physical exam will be done. You may be referred to a specialist. You may also be referred to a dentist for an exam.

Your eyes may be tested. This can be done with:

• Schirmer test to measure tear production
• Slit-lamp exam

Blood tests will be done to look for antibodies linked to this syndrome.

Images of the salivary gland may be taken. This can be done with:

• Scintagraphy
• Sialography
• Ultrasound

Salivary gland tissue may need to be tested. This can be done with a biopsy.

Treatment

There is no cure. The goal of treatment is to manage symptoms. Choices are:

• Medicines to ease:
  • Dryness
  • Joint and muscle pain
  • Swelling
• Lifestyle changes, such as drinking plenty of fluids and exercising regularly

People with severe dry eye may need surgery. A plug may be placed in the tear ducts to stop fluid from draining from the eyes.

Prevention

There are no known guidelines to prevent this health problem.