Definition

Wernicke encephalopathy is a brain disease. It can lead to confusion, poor muscle control, and other problems. If left untreated, it can get worse and even be fatal.

The Brain

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Causes

Wernicke encephalopathy is caused by low thiamine (vitamin B1) levels. This may be due to a poor diet, problems absorbing vitamins, or both.

Risk Factors

Wernicke encephalopathy is most common in people with alcohol use disorder. Other things that raise the risk are:

• Cancer and cancer treatments
• Severe vomiting
• Poor diet
• Eating disorders
• Digestive problems and surgeries, such as gastric bypass
• Other diseases, such as AIDS, kidney diseases, infections, and thyroid disease
• Dialysis

Symptoms

Symptoms may be:

• Mental changes, such as:
  • Confusion
  • Problems staying focused
  • Memory loss
• Vision problems
• Problems walking and sitting

Diagnosis

The doctor will ask about your symptoms and health history. A physical exam will be done.

A blood test can check thiamine levels.

Treatment

Wernicke encephalopathy needs to be treated right away. Options are:

• Thiamine supplements—to treat low thiamine levels
• Diet changes
• Treatment for alcohol abuse disorder or eating disorders

Prevention

To reduce the risk:

• Eat foods high in thiamine, such as:
  • Lentils and peas
  • Cereal—with added vitamins
  • Pecans
  • Spinach
  • Oranges
  • Milk and eggs
• Limit alcohol or treat alcohol abuse disorder.