Intussusception
by Rick Alan
Definition
Intussusception is a very serious type of bowel obstruction. It occurs in up to 4 in 1000 live births. The bowel (also called intestine) is shaped like a long tube. Intussusception occurs when a part of the bowel “telescopes” in on itself and is trapped by an adjacent portion of the small or large intestine. This causes swelling and obstruction, cutting off the blood supply to the intestine.
Intussusception
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Causes
In many cases, there is no known cause for intussusception. However, intussusception may sometimes occur as a complication of some medical conditions, including:
- Viral infections (especially adenovirus)
- Meckel's diverticulum
- Intestinal polyps
- Tumors, such as lymphosarcoma and neurofibroma
- Lymphoma
- Cystic fibrosis
- Recent abdominal surgery
- Henoch-Schonlein purpura
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Hemophilia
- Hemangioma
Risk Factors
A risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting a disease or condition.
Risk factors include:
- Age: it is the most common cause of obstruction in children 3 months to 6 years old, but the majority are younger than 24 months.
- Season: more common during respiratory and gastrointestinal virus seasons.
- Sex: male
- Medical conditions in the list above
Symptoms
The initial symptoms may include:
-
Abdominal pain
- Usually severe
- Colicky or cramping
- Usually comes on suddenly
- In children, this may be indicated by drawing knees to chest and crying.
- Vomiting (sometimes yellow or green tinged)
- Stools mixed with mucus and blood (often described as currant jelly)
- Lethargy
Additional symptoms include:
- Poor feeding
- Diarrhea
- Shock
- Dehydration
- Fever
Intussusception cuts off the blood supply to the bowel. If this is not treated quickly, it can lead to bowel gangrene. Gangrene can cause tissue in the intestinal wall to die. This may lead to:
- Perforation of the intestinal wall
- Peritonitis (inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity) and infection
If not treated quickly, peritonitis can lead to death.
Diagnosis
The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and perform a physical exam. Tests may include:
- Blood and urine tests
- Fecal occult blood test, which checks the stool for blood
- Abdominal x-ray, ultrasound, or CT scan
Treatment
Air Enema
In many cases, giving an air enema will correct intussusception. Air enema is preferred over water-soluble contrast or barium enema. This is often the preferred treatment when intussusception occurs in infancy. However, the test may occasionally cause a perforation to occur in the bowel. No form of enema should be done if the doctors know the bowel is perforated.
Surgery
Surgery may be required to release the trapped portion of the bowel and to clear the obstruction. If any bowel tissue has died due to gangrene, that part of the bowel may need to be removed.
After any treatment, intussusception may recur.
Antibiotics may be administered and a nasogastric tube placed prior to attempted reduction.
If you are diagnosed with intussusception, follow your doctor's instructions.
RESOURCES:
American Academy of Family Physicians
http://www.familydoctor.org/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
http://www.cdc.gov/
CANADIAN RESOURCES
About Kids Health
http://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/
Health Canada
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/index-eng.php/
REFERENCES:
American Academy of Family Physicians website. Available at: http://www.familydoctor.org .
American Academy of Pediatrics website. Available at: http://www.aap.org .
Behrman RE, Kliegman RM , Jenson HB, et al. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics . 18th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2007.
Beers MH, Fletcher AJ, et al. The Merck Manual of Medical Information . Whitehouse Station, NJ: Simon and Schuster, Inc; 2000.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov .
D’Augustino J. Common abdominal emergencies in children. Emerg Med Clin North Am . 2002;20(1):139-153.
Intussusception. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed/what.php . Updated July 2009. Accessed July 21, 2009.
O’Neill JA, Grosfeld JL, Fonkalsrud EW, Coran AG, Caldamone AA. Principles of Pediatric Surgery . 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 2004.
Last reviewed September 2012 by Daus Mahnke, MD
Last Updated: 09/10/2012