Definition

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a mental health disorder. People with BPD may often have dramatic, emotional, erratic, and attention-seeking moods. This behavior disrupts family and work life, long-term planning, and the individual’s sense of self.

Treatment options have improved as BPD is better understood. Many BPD sufferers are helped by psychotherapy and medicines.

Causes

The causes of BPD are not fully understood. It is thought to be a combination of brain chemistry, genetics, and environmental factors. People who develop BPD are probably born vulnerable to the illness. Certain experiences and types of stress may then further increase their chance of developing BPD. Many BPD sufferers are often found to have experienced childhood abuse, neglect, separation, sexual abuse, violence, or brain injury.

Central Nervous System - Brain BPD is thought to develop from a combination of chemical imbalances in the brain and traumatic life experiences. Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.

Risk Factors    TOP

The following factors increase your chances of developing BPD:

• Sex: female
• A history of abuse, neglect, or abandonment as a child
• A history of sexual abuse or violence
• Inborn sensitivity to stress
• Poor self-image, not having a clear sense of who you are
• Mother, father, or sibling with BPD

Symptoms    TOP

The symptoms of BPD vary. People with BPD tend to be extremely sensitive to rejection. They may react with anger and be upset at even mild separation from friends or family. Symptoms often become more acute when people with BPD feel isolated and lonely or during times of particular stress.

Traits that are common to people with BPD include:

• Fears of being left alone—resulting in frantic behaviors to avoid being left alone
• Extreme mood swings and difficulty managing emotions
• Difficulty in relationships—characterized by dramatic swings viewing people as all good or all bad
• Unstable self-image
• Impulsive behavior
  • Excessive spending
  • Promiscuity, risky sexual behavior
  • Gambling
  • Drug and alcohol abuse
  • Binge eating
• Repetitively injuring themselves through cutting, scratching, or burning
• Feeling misunderstood, bored, and empty
• Having deep-seated feelings of being flawed or bad in some way
• Using defense mechanisms to avoid taking responsibility for behavior, or to blame others
• Unpredictable mood and difficulty regulating mood
• Problems with anger management, manifested as periods of intense, uncontrollable and often unreasonable anger
• Episodes of intense paranoia, dissociation, or thought patterns bordering on psychosis—often provoked by stress

Diagnosis    TOP

Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. This is to rule out other possible causes for mood and behavior problems. If BPD is suspected, you may be referred to a psychiatrist who specializes in personality disorders.

BPD can affect anyone. It is usually diagnosed in adolescents and young adults. A diagnosis of BPD may be made if a person has a history of the symptoms listed above. In addition, BPD patients almost always have other mental health problems such as:

• Depression
• Alcohol or drug abuse
• Eating disorders
• Anxiety disorders
• Bipolar disorder
• Compulsive spending, gambling, or risky sexual behavior

Treatment    TOP

Talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. Treatment options include the following:

Prevention    TOP

There are no guidelines for preventing BPD.