Definition

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the backward flow of urine. It flows from the bladder back into the ureters or kidneys.

Anatomy of the Urinary System Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.

Causes

Urine flows down from the kidneys. It passes through tubes called ureters and into the bladder. This keeps urine moving one way. If there are problems, urine can flow back into the kidney.

Primary causes are a direct result of problems in the urinary system. Secondary causes result from causes that may block normal flow. These may involve:

• Genetic problems passed down from a parent
• The ureter doesn’t attach far enough inside the bladder
• Weak muscles in the lower part of the bladder
• Blockage that keeps urine from moving freely
• Nerve problems that keep the bladder from working as it should— neurogenic bladder
• A bulging muscle where the ureter goes into the bladder—ureterocele
• Structural problems that happen as you get older

Risk Factors

Your risk is higher if you:

• Are female
• Are White
• Had childhood VUR
• Have people in your family with the same problems
• Have structural problems
• Have frequent urinary tract infections (UTIs)
• Have bladder or bowel problems

Symptoms

VUR doesn't cause problems in most people. In those that have symptoms, VUR may cause:

• Frequent or urgent need to use the bathroom
• Weak stream
• Stops and starts while passing urine
• Pain in the lower back or side

Diagnosis

The doctor will ask about your symptoms and health history. Your answers and a physical exam may point to VUR. You may also have:

• Blood tests
• Urine tests
• Ultrasound
• Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scan
• Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)
• Cystoscopy

Treatment

VUR in adults doesn’t go away on its own. Care centers on treating the cause. This will also help lower the chances of scarring.

Prevention

To help lower your chances of VUR:

• Seek early care if you think you have a UTI.
• If you are pregnant, go to all your tests as scheduled.
• Your doctor may give you antibiotics to if you have frequent UTIs.