Definition

Colon polyps are growths on the lining of the colon or rectum. The colon and the rectum are parts of the large intestine.

The 2 most common types are:

• Adenomatous—Can become larger over time and may or may not turn into cancer
• Hyperplastic—Do not get bigger and rarely turn into cancer

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Causes

The cause of most colon polyps is not known. Genes may play a role.

These inherited conditions may also cause polyps to form:

• Familial adenomatous polyposis
• Peutz–Jeghers syndrome

Risk Factors

This problem is more common in people aged 50 and older. Other things that may raise the risk are:

• Having other family members with colon polyps or colon cancer
• Prior colon or rectal cancer
• Obesity
• Smoking
• Alcohol use disorder

Symptoms

Polyps do not cause problems in most people. Other people may have:

• Bloating
• Diarrhea
• Problems passing stool
• Rectal bleeding
• Belly pain or cramping—rare

Diagnosis

The doctor will ask about your symptoms and health history. A physical exam will be done. A digital rectal exam may also be done.

A test may be done to look for signs of blood in your stool.

The large intestine may need to be viewed. This can be done with:

• Colonoscopy
• CT colonography
• Flexible sigmoidoscopy—a biopsy may also be taken and looked at in a lab

Treatment

Polyps are often removed while a person has a flexible sigmoidoscopy.

Larger polyps are more likely to become cancer. Surgery may be needed to remove very large polyps.

Prevention

To lower the risk of this problem:

• Eat a high-fiber diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
• Limit fats found in meats and dairy
• Maintain a healthy weight through diet and exercise
• Avoid smoking