Definition

A shoulder sprain is stretching or tearing of the ligaments that support the shoulder. Ligaments are strong bands of tissue that hold bones to each other.

Capsule of Glenohumeral Joint Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.

Causes

A shoulder sprain is caused by trauma. The most common way this happens is by:

• Falling on an outstretched arm
• Forced twisting of the arm
• A blow to the shoulder
• Overuse or repetitive movement of the shoulder

Risk Factors

Things that may raise the risk are:

• Certain sports, such as swimming, volleyball, baseball, gymnastics, and tennis
• Jobs that involve:
  • Repetitive shoulder movements, such as heavy lifting
  • Lifting at or above the height of the shoulder
  • Vibration of the shoulder
  • Unusual posture or movements
• Poor coordination
• Poor balance
• Lack of flexibility and strength in muscles and ligaments
• Loose joints or connective tissue problems

Symptoms

Problems may be:

• Pain and swelling around the shoulder
• Redness, warmth, or bruising around the shoulder
• Problems moving the shoulder and pain with movement

Diagnosis

The doctor will ask about your symptoms and health history. You will also be asked how you hurt your shoulder. A physical exam will be done. It will focus on the shoulder.

It can be hard to tell a shoulder sprain from a fracture or dislocation. Pictures of the shoulder may be taken. This can be done with:

• X-rays
• MRI scan

Treatment

Treatment will depend on the joint involved and how much it is injured. The goal of treatment is to ease pain and improve movement. Choices are:

• Supportive care, such as rest and ice
• Medicines, such as over the counter and prescription pain relievers
• A brace or sling to keep the shoulder still as it heals
• Physical therapy to strengthen the shoulder and improve movement

Some people may need surgery to repair a ligament that is torn.

Prevention

The risk of a shoulder sprain may be lowered by:

• Using the right safety gear and techniques when playing sports
• Stretching and strengthening the ligaments that support the shoulder