Definition

Neonatal sepsis is a bacterial infection in the blood. Early-onset sepsis develops in the first 2 to 3 days after birth. Late-onset sepsis develops within 3 to 7 days after birth.

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Causes

Neonatal sepsis is caused by bacteria.

Early-onset sepsis is caused by an infection from the mother. It may pass to the infant from the placenta or birth canal during birth. Late-onset sepsis is caused by bacteria from the healthcare environment.

Risk Factors

This problem is more common in babies that are:

• Male
• Born very early
• Born with a low birth weight

Other things that may raise the risk are:

• A mother whose water broke more than 18 hours before giving birth
• Group B streptococcal bacteria in the mother's vaginal or rectal areas
• Babies that need early care, such as a catheter

Symptoms

Symptoms may be:

• Fever or many changes in temperature
• Problems feeding
• Fussiness
• Lack of energy
• A high-pitched cry
• Yellow, blue, or pale skin
• Bruising or bleeding
• Cool, clammy skin
• Skin rashes
• Fast breathing, problems breathing, or periods of no breathing
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Swollen belly
• Little or no urination
• Tremors

Diagnosis

You will be asked about your baby's symptoms and health history. A physical exam will be done.

These tests will be done to look for signs of infection:

• Blood tests
• Urine tests
• Lumbar puncture to check the fluid around the brain and spinal cord
• Respiratory secretion testing

Treatment

Treatment depends on how severe the problem is. It may include:

• Antibiotics to treat infection
• Supportive care, such as IV fluids
• Oxygen or breathing support

Prevention

Neonatal sepsis may be prevented by good prenatal care. This includes controlling any bacteria in the mother before it is spread during pregnancy or birth.