Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS)

Common names include:

• Naproxen
• Ibuprofen
• Diclofenac
• Celecoxib
• Meloxicam

These drugs work to control inflammation, which produces pain. They are used for acute and chronic low back pain, and sciatica.

Some prescription NSAIDs are higher doses of the same NSAIDs that are available without a prescription. Some NSAIDs come in topical forms.

Possible side effects include:

• Gastrointestinal bleeding
• Stomach upset
• Fluid retention
• Liver damage

Some prescription NSAIDs (such as celecoxib and meloxicam) have been associated with an increased risk of heart attack and stroke. Other studies show that some NSAIDs may cause complications in patients recovering from stroke, heart attacks, or open heart surgery. NSAIDs can also interfere with the actions of other drugs. Be certain your physician is aware of all drugs you take, including herbs and supplements even if you only take these occasionally.

Opioids

Common names include:

• Codeine
• Oxycodone

Prescription opioids may be prescribed short-term for severe acute low back pain and sciatica. Slow-release forms may be used in chronic low back pain.

Possible side effects include:

• Drowsiness
• Constipation
• Decreased breathing

Longer use of opioids has a high risk of abuse or addiction

Antidepressants

Common names include:

• Fluoxetine
• Duloxetine
• Amitriptyline

Antidepressants may reduce pain in people with chronic low back pain.

Possible side effects include:

• Risk of severe mood and behavior changes
• Stomach irritation
• Nausea
• Diarrhea
• Lightheadedness
• Dry mouth
• Constipation
• Difficulty urinating

Muscle Relaxants

Common names include:

• Cyclobenzaprine
• Diazepam

Muscle relaxants help calm muscle spasms. They may be ordered for short-term pain relief if spasm is present.

Possible side effects include:

• Drowsiness
• Lightheadedness
• Addiction
• Allergic side-effects

Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS)

Common names include:

• Naproxen
• Ibuprofen

These drugs work to control inflammation, which produces pain. They are used for acute and chronic low back pain, and sciatica.

Possible side effects include:

• Gastrointestinal bleeding
• Stomach upset
• Liver damage
• Fluid retention
• Interaction with other drugs, including angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, blood thinners, and drugs to treat high blood pressure.

Acetaminophen

Acetaminophen relieves pain through different mechanisms than NSAIDs. It is used for acute and chronic low back pain, and sciatica.

• It can cause or exacerbate liver problems if recommended doses are exceeded.
• Do not drink alcohol while taking this drug.
• Do not take more than the recommended dose.
• Acetaminophen is unlikely to cause side effects associated with other pain medications such as gastrointestinal upset, fluid retention, and constipation.