Definition

A concussion is an injury to the brain that causes problems with how the brain works. It can affect things like memory, balance, focus, decision making, and coordination.

Causes

A concussion is caused by a blow to the head or shaking of the head from things like:

• Falls
• Motor vehicle accidents
• Being struck by something or slamming against something
• Physical violence

How a Concussion Occurs

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Risk Factors

Concussions are more common in men. Things that raise the risk of this problem are:

• Alcohol use
• Playing organized sports
• A prior concussion

Symptoms

A concussion can cause symptoms that may last for days, weeks, or even longer. They may be start right away or a few hours or days after the injury. Common physical problems are:

• Headache
• Dizziness
• Ringing in the ears and problems hearing
• Blurred vision
• Balance and coordination problems
• Nausea and vomiting
• Tiredness
• Sensitivity to sounds and lights
• Numbness
• Seizures
• Problems sleeping

Other problems may be:

• Confusion
• Lack of focus
• Problems paying attention
• Loss of memory
• Slow processing speed
• Slow reaction time
• Problems completing tasks
• Irritability

Diagnosis

The doctor will ask about your symptoms, past health, and how injury happened. A physical exam will be done. This is enough to make the diagnosis.

Treatment

Concussions should be examined by a doctor. Most will be able to heal at home after exam. Those with severe symptoms may be kept in the hospital for monitoring.

The goal of treatment is to let the brain rest so that it can heal. Some rest is recommended for first 24 to 48 hours but full rest is not always needed. It may take longer for all symptoms to pass. Recovery may require:

• Time off from sports
• Limiting mentally-demanding activities, such as schoolwork and using devices with screens
• Therapy to help with cognitive function

Steps will need to be taken to prevent a second brain injury. It can lead to serious problems.

Prevention

To lower the risk of concussion:

• Use seat belts, shoulder harnesses, and child safety seats when traveling in motor vehicles.
• Children should use safe, age-appropriate methods when playing sports.
• Wear a helmet when doing activities such as:
  • Playing a contact sport like football, soccer, or hockey
  • Riding a bike or motorcycle
  • Using skates, scooters, and skateboards
  • Catching, batting, or running bases in baseball or softball
  • Riding a horse
  • Skiing or snowboarding