Definition

Acne is a common condition where small bumps form on the skin. The bumps are called blackheads, whiteheads, pimples, pustules, and cysts. They are most common on the face, neck, back, chest, and shoulders.

Causes

Acne is caused when pores in the skin are clogged with oil (called sebum) and dead skin cells.

Pimple Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.

Blackheads are clogs that reach the skin's surface. Whiteheads are clogs that stay beneath the surface of the skin.

Bacteria can also become trapped in pores and cause an infection. This may cause small red bumps, pimples, and cysts.

Risk Factors

Acne is most common in teenagers. However, adults and children can have it too. Things that may raise the risk are:

• Changes in hormone levels due to:
  • Puberty
  • Pregnancy
  • The time before a menstrual period
  • Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
• Emotional stress
• Certain skin products
• Sweating
• Certain drugs such as:
  • Anabolic steroids
  • Drugs to treat epilepsy
  • Lithium
  • EGRF inhibitors—to treat cancer
• Family history

Symptoms

Acne symptoms vary from person to person. They can range from mild to severe. Symptoms may be:

• Excess oil in the skin
• Blackheads—small black dots
• Whiteheads—small, white, raised bumps
• Papules—small, pink bumps that may be tender
• Pimples—inflamed, pus-filled bumps that may have a red base
• Nodules—large, painful, solid lumps deep in the skin
• Cysts—deep, inflamed, pus-filled lumps that can cause pain and scarring

Diagnosis

The doctor can make a diagnosis based on a physical exam. People with severe acne may need to see a skin doctor.

Treatment

Treatment goals are to reduce the acne and treat infection. A combination of treatments works best. Options are:

Prevention

It can be hard to prevent acne. For some, reducing emotional stress may help.