Definition

Anemia is a low level of healthy red blood cells (RBCs). RBCs carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. When red blood cells are low, the body does not get enough oxygen. This can cause symptoms such as fatigue, pale skin, or irregular heartbeat.

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia is caused by the destruction of RBCs. It can be a serious, fatal condition that requires care from a doctor.

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Causes

This type of anemia is caused by an autoimmune problem. The immune system attacks and destroys red blood cells. The abnormal reaction of the immune system may be caused by:

• Certain medications
• Infections:
  • Viral infections, including mononucleosis
  • Atypical pneumonia
• Cancers:
  • Leukemia
  • Lymphoma— Non-Hodgkin but also occasionally Hodgkin
• Collagen-vascular (autoimmune) diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus

Risk Factors

Factors that may increase your risk of developing autoimmune hemolytic anemia include:

• Recent viral infections
• Taking medications that can cause autoimmune hemolytic anemia
• Cancer
• Collagen-vascular (autoimmune) disease
• Family history of hemolytic disease

Symptoms

Symptoms may include:

• Dark brown urine
• Yellow or pale skin
• Muscle pains
• Headache
• Nausea and vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Weakness
• Shortness of breath
• Rapid heartbeat

Diagnosis

You will be asked about your symptoms, medications, and medical history. A physical exam will be done. You may be referred to a specialist.

Your bodily fluids may be tested. This can be done with:

• Blood tests
• Urine tests

Treatment

Talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. Mild cases may not need treatment. They may resolve on their own. Treatment options include the following:

Prevention

There are no current guildelines to prevent autoimmune hemolytic anemia because are multiple causes.