Surgery may be needed to treat problems from sickle cell disease. This may be:
Complications and treatments. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Available at:
...(Click grey area to select URL)
Accessed January 29, 2021.
How is sickle cell disease treated? National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute website. Available at:
...(Click grey area to select URL)
Accessed January 29, 2021.
Pinto VM, Balocco M, et al. Sickle cell disease: a review for the internist. Intern Emerg Med. 2019;14(7):1051-1064.
Sickle cell disease. Kids Health—Nemours Foundation website. Available at:
...(Click grey area to select URL)
Accessed January 29, 2021.
Sickle cell disease in adults and adolescents. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: https://www.dynamed.com/condition/sickle-cell-disease-in-adults-and-adolescents. Accessed March 3, 2021.
Sickle cell disease in infants and children. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: https://www.dynamed.com/condition/sickle-cell-disease-in-infants-and-children. Accessed March 3, 2021.
Last reviewed March 2020 by
EBSCO Medical Review Board
Marcin Chwistek, MD
Last Updated: 3/5/2021