Definition

Dysplasia is abnormal growth or development of cells. Cervical dysplasia happens in the cells covering the surface of a woman's cervix. If cervical dysplasia is not treated, it may lead to cervical cancer.

The Cervix Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.

Causes    TOP

Cervical dysplasia is most often caused by a sexually transmitted virus. The virus is called the human papillomavirus (HPV).

There are different types of HPV. The risk of cervical disease will differ based on the type of HPV.

Risk Factors    TOP

Things that may increase the chance of cervical dysplasia include:

• Having multiple sexual partners
• Early onset of sexual activity (before age 18)
• Having children at an early age (before age 16)
• Smoking
• Sexually transmitted diseases including genital herpes or HIV
• Exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) as a fetus—substance given to prevent miscarriages in high-risk pregnancies

Symptoms    TOP

There are often no symptoms with cervical dysplasia. Cervical changes are most often found in screening tests.

Diagnosis    TOP

Tests to detect cervical dysplasia include:

• Pap tests—done as part of regular screening. Cells are brushed from cervix. They are sent to a lab to look for abnormal cells.
• HPV DNA Analysis—to look for signs of HPV. This test can also show what type of HPV is present, if any.
• Colposcopy and Biopsy—may be done after abnormal Pap test results. A scope is passed into the cervix. It will let the doctor see the area. A biopsy can also be done. A small sample of suspicious tissue will be removed and sent to a lab.

Note: Pap tests will be done more often after abnormal results. Testing may also be done more often if some other conditions, such as immune problems or cervical cancer.

Treatment    TOP

Treatment will vary based on type, location, and size of the dysplasia. Some dysplasia does not need treatment or will go away on its own. Regular pap tests will be done to track changes that may need care.

The main goal of treatment is to destroy or remove abnormal cells. Options include:

• Cone biopsy—a cone-shaped area of tissue is removed. It should remove all abnormal cells.
• LEEP—a wire loop is used to remove abnormal tissue.
• Cryosurgery—abnormal tissue is destroys with cold. Not the best option for large areas of dysplasia.
• Laser Treatment—high-energy beam of light is used to destroy abnormal cells. It tends to cause less damage to nearby healthy tissue than cryosurgery. Laser is not always available.

Prevention    TOP