Definition

A vertebral compression fracture is a break in one of the bones of the spine. It most common in the bones that are at chest level.

Causes

Osteoporosis is the most common cause. Weakened bones are more likely to break from:

• Everyday actions, such as coughing, sneezing, or lifting light objects
• Falling from a chair
• Tripping

Other causes may be:

• Trauma from:
  • A steep fall
  • A motor vehicle accident
  • A sports accident
  • Violence
• Bone cancer

Risk Factors

A fracture caused by osteoporosis is more common in women who have been through menopause. A fracture caused by trauma is more common in young men.

Other things that may raise the risk are:

• Osteoporosis
• Prior history of fractures
• Dementia
• Depression
• Prior falls or being at risk of falling
• Inactivity
• Smoking
• Alcohol use disorder
• Long term corticosteroid use

Symptoms

Most people do not have symptoms. Those who do may have:

• Mild to severe pain in the middle or lower back
• Numbness, tingling, or weakness
• Problems walking

Diagnosis

The doctor will ask about your symptoms and health history. A physical exam will be done. It will focus on the spine.

Images may be taken. This can be done with:

• X-rays
• CT scan
• MRI scan

Treatment

Underlying causes will need to be treated. The goal of treatment is to manage pain and help with healing. Options depend on the severity of the fracture. Choices are:

• Over the counter or prescription pain relievers
• A back brace
• Physical therapy to help with strength, flexibility, and range of motion

Some people may need surgery. Choices are:

• Vertebroplasty —Liquid cement is injected into the bone to ease pain and restore movement.
• Kyphoplasty —A balloon-like device is used to create a small space in the bone near the fracture. The cement is injected into the space.
• Spinal fusion —Two or more bones are joined together in the spine.

Prevention

Treating or preventing osteoporosis can lower the risk of this problem.