Definition

A sprain is stretching or tearing of a ligament. Ligaments are strong bands of tissue that hold bones to each other. Sprains are more common in the ankle, knee, thumb or finger joints, and the shoulder.

Causes

A sprain is when a force pushes the bones of a joint apart. If the force is strong enough, the ligament comes apart. This can happen from things like:

• A sudden change in direction
• An impact with an object or another person
• A misstep that causes a sudden strain at a joint

Risk Factors

Things that may raise the risk of this problem are:

• Muscle weakness
• Poor flexibility
• Coordination and balance problems
• Playing sports, such as basketball, football, skiing, and gymnastics

Symptoms

Problems may be:

• Pain and tenderness, especially putting weight on the joint
• Swelling and bruising
• Problems moving
• A popping sound

Diagnosis

The doctor will ask about your symptoms and health history. You will also be asked how you hurt the joint. A physical exam will be done. It will focus on the joint.

It can be hard to tell a sprain from a fracture or dislocation. Pictures may be taken. This can be done with:

• X-rays
• MRI scan

Treatment

Treatment will depend on the joint and how severe the injury is. The goal of treatment is to ease pain and improve movement. Choices are:

• Supportive care, such as rest, ice, a compression bandage, and raising the area to ease pain and swelling
• Medicine, such as over the counter and prescription pain relievers
• Devices that keep the area still as it heals
• Physical therapy to strengthen the area and improve movement

Prevention

Most sprains are due to accidents. They cannot always be prevented. The risk may be lowered by:

• Using the right safety gear and techniques when playing sports
• Stretching and strengthening the ligaments that support joints