Osteogenesis Imperfecta

(OI; Brittle Bone Disease)

Pronounced: os-tee-oh-GEN-a-sis im-per-FEK-ta

Definition

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a genetic problem that affects the bones. The most common effect is weakened bones that break easily. There are at least 8 types of OI. Some are mild with no obvious signs, while others are more severe.

The Bones of the Body
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Causes

OI is caused by a problem in:

  • The gene that controls the making of collagen—an important element in bones and connective tissues:
    • Most common cause of OI
    • Most often caused by a random change in the gene; not often associated with a family history
  • The gene that controls proteins in cartilage:
    • Less common cause of OI
    • An inherited genetic change from parents; there is often a family history

Risk Factors

A family history of OI may increase your risk of certain types of the disease. There are no known risk factors for most types of OI.

Symptoms

In the 4 most common types of OI, symptoms may include:

  • Bone pain
  • Hearing loss
  • Whites of the eyes may have a blue, purple, or gray tint
  • Bone deformity
  • Short height
  • Loose joints and muscle weakness
  • Triangular face
  • Brittle teeth
  • Breathing problems
  • Bruising easily

Diagnosis

You will be asked about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. OI may be diagnosed based on your history of fractures or appearance alone.

Your bones may need to be examined. This can be done with:

Genetic testing may be done. This can help determine the type of OI. Genetic testing can be done through a blood, saliva, or skin biopsy.

If you are pregnant and have a family history of OI your doctor may do:

Treatment

There is presently no cure for OI. In general, treatment is directed toward:

  • Preventing health problems
  • Improving independence and mobility
  • Developing bone and muscle strength

Some supportive treatment options include:

  • Medication called bisphosphonates—to increase bone mineral density
  • Physical therapy—for range of motion and muscular strength exercises
  • Surgical implant of rods into long bones—to provide strength and prevent or correct deformities
  • Monitoring for fractures or scoliosis
  • Assistive devices like braces, canes, or wheelchairs—may be needed with certain types of OI
  • Dental procedures

Problems related to OI, such as fractures, can be reduced or prevented by a healthy lifestyle. This should include:

  • Exercise—swimming is often an ideal and safe activity
  • Good nutrition
  • Not smoking
  • Avoiding excessive amounts of alcohol

Prevention

OI is caused by a genetic defect. There is no known way to prevent it.

Genetic counseling may be useful if you are planning to have a child and you have OI or a family history of OI. The counselor can let you know the risk your child may have of developing OI.

RESOURCES:

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
http://www.niams.nih.gov

Osteogenesis Imperfecta Foundation
http://www.oif.org

CANADIAN RESOURCES:

Canadian Orthopaedic Foundation
http://www.canorth.org

The Hospital for Sick Children
http://www.sickkids.ca

REFERENCES:

Osteogenesis imperfecta. EBSCO DynaMed Plus website. Available at:http://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T116818/Osteogenesis-imperfecta. Updated April 19, 2016. Accessed June 16, 2016.

Chevrel G, Meunier PJ. Osteogenesis imperfecta: lifelong management is imperative and feasible. Joint Bone Spine. 2001;68:125-129.

Types of OI. Osteogenesis Imperfecta Foundation website. Available at: http://www.oif.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AOI_Types. Accessed June 16, 2016.

Last reviewed May 2018 by Michael Woods, MD