Smoking

Heavy smokers —people who smoke more than two packs per day—are 40 times more likely to develop sleep apnea than nonsmokers.

Alcohol

Some studies have shown that people who use alcohol regularly have an increased risk of sleep apnea.

Sedative Medications

Using sedative medications can increase your risk of sleep apnea.

Medical Conditions

The following conditions may increase your risk of obstructive sleep apnea:

• Obesity
• Pregnancy
• Diabetes
• Polycystic ovary syndrome
• High blood pressure
• Facial deformities
• Hypothyroidism
• Esophageal reflux
• Enlarged tonsils or adenoids
• Chronic respiratory tract conditions, such as:
  • Asthma
  • Allergies
  • Chronic bronchitis
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The following conditions may increase your risk of central sleep apnea:

• Bulbar poliomyelitis
• Encephalitis
• Neurodegenerative diseases
• Stroke
• Problems after cervical spine surgery
• Primary hypoventilation syndrome
• Brain tumors
• Down’s syndrome due to a large tongue and a thick neck

Gender

Men are thought to be 2 to 4 times more likely to develop sleep apnea than women. However, some researchers have suggested that this difference might actually be because women are underdiagnosed with the condition.

Genetic Factors

The tendency to develop sleep apnea appears to run in certain families.

Ethnic Background

Sleep apnea is more common among:

• African Americans
• People of Mexican origin
• Pacific Islanders

Physical Characteristics

You have an increased risk of developing sleep apnea if you have the following physical characteristics:

• Thick neck
• Obstructed nasal passages
• Large tongue
• Narrow airway
• Receding chin
• Overbite
• Certain shapes and increased rigidity of the palate and jaw

You also have an increased risk of developing sleep apnea if you breathe through your mouth while sleeping, or if you snore.